Research
Published, reproducible, verified. Every result in our papers is backed by real model experiments.
Published Papers
Holosynthics: Neuron-Level Decomposition of Language Models into 8 Universal Atom Types
We present Holosynthics and demonstrate that transformer language model neurons fall into 8 fundamental semantic types: Boolean, Number, Symbol, Identity, Space, Time, Relation, and Entropy. We show these 8 types appear universally across architecturally distinct models. Every model tested — regardless of size, training data, or architecture — contains all 8 types in consistent proportions. This is the first empirical demonstration of universal neuron-type organization across AI language models.
Key Findings
- 8 universal atom types confirmed across all tested architectures
- Symbol neurons are the most numerous — dominant in every model
- Entropy neurons are the rarest — and the most diagnostically important
- Relation neuron proportion scales with model capability
Models Tested
The Periodic Table of AI: 56 Universal Neuron Elements Across 11 Language Models
We extend the 8-type Holosynthics framework to 56 sub-type elements (8 types × 7 sub-types each) and validate universality across 11 language models. The same 56 elements appear in 10 of 11 models tested. We characterize each element by its functional role, typical network position, and behavioral signature. We introduce Entropy.Confidence — a late-layer neuron cluster whose presence or absence predicts whether a model will hallucinate on a given prompt.
Key Findings
- 56 elements validated across 11 distinct architectures
- 10 of 11 models confirm all 8 types and all 56 sub-types
- Entropy.Confidence neuron cluster correlates with hallucination absence
- Full element profiles with behavioral characterization published
Models Tested
Experiment Log
Summaries only — full datasets and methodology are available in the published papers and on request.
| Experiment | Model(s) | Date | Key Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hallucination Trace Experiment | GPT-2 Small | June 2026 | Entropy.Confidence neurons absent in all hallucinated responses; present (weakly) in correct responses — first neuron-level hallucination signature |
| Gemma 2B Full Layer-by-Layer Analysis | Gemma 2B | June 2026 | All 26 layers analyzed; complete periodic table element distribution mapped; Conductor GI identified |
| Qwen3 1.7B Cross-Architecture Validation | Qwen3 1.7B | June 2026 | All 8 types confirmed; anomaly cluster detected; results independently validated against Paper I findings |
| Six-Model Periodic Table Comparison | Gemma 2B/9B, GPT-2, Llama, Qwen3, OLMo | June 2026 | Symbol is most variable across models; Relation grows monotonically with model scale; type proportions are model-fingerprints |
| Llama 3.1 8B Deep Classification | Llama 3.1 8B | June 2026 | Full 32-layer classification complete; Symbol dominant, Relation second at all layers, Entropy exclusively late-layer |